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Cesarean Birth in a Culture of Fear: Notes
1. World Health Organization, "Appropriate Technology for Birth," The Lancet ii (1985): 436-437.2. B. E. Hamilton et al., "Births: Preliminary Data for 2005," National Vital Statistics Reports 55, no. 11 (28 December 2006)1-18.
3. Statistics in items 1-6: "The Risks of Cesarean Delivery to Mother and Baby," The Coalition for Improving Maternity Services (CIMS): www.motherfriendly.org/downloads/csec-fact-sheet.pdf.
4. State of the World's Mothers 2006: Saving the Lives of Mothers and Newborns (Westport, CT: Save the Children, 2006): 37; www.savethechildren.org/publications/mothers/2006/SOWM_2006_final.pdf.
5. Childbirth Connection, "Vaginal Birth and Cesarean Birth: How Do the Risks Compare?," companion chart to What Every Pregnant Woman Needs to Know about Cesarean Section, second edition (New York: Childbirth Connection, 2006).
6. Marian MacDorman, PhD, et al., "Infant and Neonatal Mortality for Primary Cesarean and Vaginal Births to Women with "No Indicated Risk," United States, 1998-2001 Birth Cohorts," Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care 33, no. 3 (September 2006): 175.
7. Tina Cassidy, Birth: The Surprising History of How We Are Born (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006), 250.
8. Ibid., 75-76.
9. Eugene R. Declercq, et al., Listening to Mothers II: Report of the Second National U.S. Survey of Women's Childbearing Experiences, Childbirth Connection with Harris Interactive and Lamaze International (October 2006): www.childbirthconnection.org/article.asp?ck=10401.
10. This and subsequent quotations: personal communication (15 March 2007).
11. For a sampling of studies that looked at the relationship between use of birth drugs and childhood problems/diseases, see www.birthworks.org/primalhealth/databank.phtml?kw=*analgesics+in+pregnancy.
12. Ahri Golden and Tania Ketenjian, co-executive producers of Birth, a public radio documentary (Thin Air Media, 2007): www.thinairmedia.org.
13. Jennifer Block, Pushed: The Painful Truth about Childbirth and Modern Maternity Care (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2007), xiv.
14. Robbie Davis-Floyd, PhD, "The Technocratic Model of Birth," in Feminist Theory in the Study of Folklore, Susan Tower Hollis, Linda Pershing, and M. Jane Young, eds. (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 297-326.
15. This and subsequent quotations: personal communication (11 March 2007).
16. Michel Odent, The Caesarean (London: Free Association Books, 2004), 40.
17. Ibid., 49.
18. Personal communication (12 April 2006).
19. Personal communication (1 May 2006).
20. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement, "Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request," final draft of conclusion, http://consensus.nih.gov/2006/2006CesareanSOS027main.htm (27-29 March 2006).
21. This and subsequent quotations: personal communication (21 November 2007).
22. Personal communication (14 November 2007).
23. See Note 9: 57-61.
24. American Society of Plastic Surgeons, "2006 Quick Facts: Cosmetic and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Trends," http://plasticsurgery.org/media/statistics/2006-Statistics.cfm.
25. See Note 7, 118.
26. See Note 12.
27. Sarah J. Buckley, MD, "Ecstatic Birth: The Hormonal Blueprint of Labor," Mothering no. 111 (March-April 2002): 50-61.
28. Penny Armstrong and Sheryl Feldman, A Midwife's Story (New York: Ivy Books, 1986), 168.
29. Pregnant in America, directed by Steve Buonaugurio (forthcoming from Bella Media Productions, 2007): www.pregnantinamerica.com.
30. Personal communication (28 March 2007).
31. Jan Poorter, Primary Health Care in the Netherlands, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (The Hague: January 2005): 31; www.minvws.nl/en/folders/cz/2005/primary-health-care.asp.
32. Joyce A. Martin, MPH, et al., "Births: Final Data for 2004," Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Vital Statistics Reports 55, no. 1 (29 September 2006): 19; www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_01.pdf.
33. M. J. McMahon et al., "Comparison of a Trial of Labor with an Elective Second Cesarean Section," New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 10 (5 September 1996): 689-695.
34. M.E. Hannah et al. and Term Breech Trial Collaborative. "Planned Cesarean Section Versus Planned Vaginal Birth for Breech Presentation at Term: A Randomised Multicentre Trial," Lancet 356, no. 9239 (2000): 1375-1383.
35. M. Lydon-Rochelle et al., "Risk of Uterine Rupture during Labor among Women with a Prior Cesarean Delivery," New England Journal of Medicine 345, no. 1 (5 July 2001): 3-8.
36. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology press release, "New ACOG Opinion Addresses Elective Cesarean Controversy" (31 October 2003): www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr10-31-03-1.cfm .
37. International Cesarean Awareness Network, "Cesarean and VBAC Rates by Year" (updated 16 February 2005): www.ican-online.org/resources/statistics2.php.
Notes for "US C-SECTION RATES AND IMPORTANT LANDMARKS" 1. Unless otherwise noted, all figures are from: International Cesarean Awareness Network, "Cesarean and VBAC Rates by Year" (updated 16 February 2005): www.ican-online.org/resources/statistics2.php.
2. Brady E. Hamilton, et al., "Births: Preliminary Data for 2005," National Vital Statistics Reports 55, no. 11 (28 December 2006): 1; www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_11.pdf
3. Joyce A. Martin, et al., "Births: Final Data for 2004," National Vital Statistics Reports 55, no. 1 (29 September 2006): 3; www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_01.pdf
4. Stephanie J. Ventura, MA, et al., "Births: Final Data for 1999," National Vital Statistics Reports 49, no. 1 (17 April 2001): 14; www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr49_01.pdf.
5. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Practice Bulletin Number 2, October 1998, "Vaginal Birth after Previous Cesarean," International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 64, no. 2 (February 1999): 201?208.
6. M. J. McMahon et al., "Comparison of a Trial of Labor with an Elective Second Cesarean Section," New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 10 (5 September 1996): 689?695.
7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee Opinion no. 143, "Vaginal Delivery after a Previous Cesarean Birth," International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 48, no. 1 (1995): 127?129.
8. National Institutes of Health, "Cesarean Childbirth," Consensus Statement 3, no. 6 (22?24 September 1980): 1?30.
9. Jennifer Block, Pushed: The Painful Truth about Childbirth and Modern Maternity Care (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2007), 31?36.
10. Ibid.
Notes for "C-SECTION RATES AROUND THE WORLD: A SAMPLE"
1. Unless otherwise noted, all figures are from: Ana P. Betrán et al., "Rates of Caesarean Section: Analysis of Global, Regional and National Estimates," Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 21, no. 2 (March 2007): 98?113.
2. World Health Organization, "Appropriate Technology for Birth," The Lancet ii (1985): 436?437.
3. Carla Finger, "Caesarean Section Rates Skyrocket in Brazil," The Lancet 362, no. 9384 (23 August 2003): 628.
4. International Cesarean Awareness Network, "International Cesarean and VBAC Rates," (last update 12 March 2005): www.ican-online.org/resources/statistics3.php.
5. Tsai Ching Liu et al., "Taiwan?s High Rate of Cesarean Births: Impacts of National Health Insurance and Fetal Gender Preference," Birth 34, no. 2 (June 2007): 115?122.
6. Joint Study, Hacettepe University, Institute of Population Studies, "Increased Cesarean Section Rates in Turkey," European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 8, no. 1 (March 2003): 1?10.
7. See Note 4.
8. Ibid.
Note for "US C-SECTION RATES BY STATE"
1. Statistics courtesy of International Cesarean Awareness Network, special thanks to Stacy Gregg, "Percent of Live Births by Cesarean Delivery by Race and Hispanic Origin of Mother: United States, Each State and Territory, Final 2004 and Preliminary 2005," www.ican-online.org/resources/statistics.php.
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