leukemia and diabetes

[MA mommy]

Does anyone have links to studies showing how exactly not being breastfed increases the risk?

[sntm]

Here's abstracts from a quick medline search. Mods, all these are available at Medline and the abstracts are not copywritten.

Unique Identifier
12213429

Authors
Das UN.

Institution
EFA Sciences LLC, 1420 Providence Highway, Norwood, MA 02062, USA. [e-mail]

Title
The lipids that matter from infant nutrition to insulin resistance. [Review] [133 refs]

Source
Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 67(1):1-12, 2002 Jul.

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Abstract
Breast-fed infants showed decreased incidence of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease in later life and higher cognitive function. Breast milk is rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and brain preferentially accumulates LCPUFAs during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first few months of life. Breast-fed infants showed significantly lower plasma glucose levels and higher percentage of docosahexaenoic acid and total percentages of LCPUFAs in their skeletal muscle biopsies compared with formula fed. LCPUFAs suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulate the function of several neurotransmitters, enhance the number of insulin receptors in the brain and other tissues, and decrease insulin resistance. LCPUFAs may enhance the production of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which participate in neurogenesis. It is proposed that the beneficial effects of breast feeding in later life can be attributed to its rich LCPUFA content. It is likely that inadequate breast feeding results in marginal deficiency of LCPUFAs during the critical stages of development, which can lead to insulin resistance. Hence, promoting prolonged breast feeding and/or supplementing LCPUFAs during the critical stages of development may be beneficial in preventing insulin resistance. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. [References: 133]

Das UN.

Institution
EFA Sciences LLC, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, USA. [e-mail]

Title
A perinatal strategy to prevent coronary heart disease. [Review] [102 refs]

Source
Nutrition. 19(11-12):1022-7, 2003 Nov-Dec.

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Abstract
I investigated whether metabolism of essential fatty acids and the concentrations of their long-chain metabolites (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [LCPUFAs]) are altered in fetal or perinatal growth retardation, maternal hypercholesterolemia, low-grade systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis, conditions that predispose to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD).I critically reviewed the literature pertaining to the metabolism of essential fatty acids in CHD and conditions that predispose to it.LCPUFAs enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, suppress the production of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6, attenuate insulin resistance, and have antiatherosclerotic properties. Low-birthweight infants have decreased concentrations of LCPUFAs, especially arachidonic acid. Neonatal arachidonic acid status is related to intrauterine growth, and LCPUFAs improve fetal and postnatal growth. LCPUFAs are useful in the management of hyperlipidemia, inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, and may mediate the beneficial actions of statins. Plasma concentrations of various LCPUFAs are low in diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and CHD and in populations at high risk of CHD. Breast milk is rich in LCPUFAs, and this may explain why and how adequate (6 mo to 1 y) breast feeding protects against the development of obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and CHD.LCPUFAs are essential for the growth and development of the fetus and infant. LCPUFAs can prevent various conditions that predispose to the development of CHD. The low incidence of CHD seen in adequately breast-fed infants can be linked to the LCPUFA content of breast milk. Based on this evidence, I suggest that provision of LCPUFAs during critical periods of growth, especially from the second trimester of pregnancy to age 5 y, prevents CHD in adult life. [References: 102]

11742489

Authors
UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators.

Title
Breastfeeding and childhood cancer.

Source
British Journal of Cancer. 85(11):1685-94, 2001 Nov 30.

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Abstract
The relationship between childhood cancer and having been breastfed in infancy was investigated in the UK Childhood Cancer Study (UKCCS), a national, population-based case-control study. Analyses included 3500 children with cancer (cases) of whom 1637 were diagnosed with leukaemia, 114 with Hodgkin's disease, 228 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 1521 with other cancer and 6964 controls. 62% cases and 64% controls were reported to have ever been breastfed. There was weak evidence, of borderline statistical significance, that having been breastfed was associated with a small reduction in the odds ratios for leukaemia (odds ratio = 0.89, 95% Cl 0.80-1.00, P = 0.06), and for all cancers combined (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% Cl 0.84-1.00, P = 0.05). Combining data from the UKCCS with results from other published studies showed a small reduction in the odds ratios for leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-haematological cancers, and all childhood cancers combined, associated with ever having been breastfed. It is unclear whether the apparent small reduction in the odds ratio for these various types of childhood cancer is a generalized effect of breastfeeding or whether it reflects some systematic bias in the majority of studies that have investigated the question. (c) 2001 Cancer Research Campaign


European Journal of Cancer
Volume 37, Issue 2 , January 2001, Pages 155-158
Breast-feeding and cancer prevention

L. Parker,

Newcastle University, North of England Children's Cancer Research Unit, Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 1RH, UK

Received 11 October 2000; accepted 18 October 2000. Available online 2 February 2001

The latest report on the protection against childhood leukaemia afforded by breast-feeding by Bener and colleagues appears in this issue of the European Journal of Cancer (pp. 234–238) [10]. In a case–control study of 117 children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) between 2 and 14 years of age, Bener and colleagues report an overall odds ratio (OR) of 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5–5.1) for those who were breast fed for 0–6 months compared with those who were breast fed for longer than 6 months. This is equivalent to a 70% reduction in risk for the babies who were breast fed for over 6 months. The reduction in risk was similar for children with ALL, NHL and HD, though only for the 69 children with ALL did the association reach statistical significance, presumably because of the small number of cases and hence low statistical power in the other diagnostic groups. Within the study, which was conducted in the United Arab Emirates, it was not possible to estimate the risk in children who were not breast fed at all since all infants received breast milk.